Jehovah's Witnesses
By Tal Davis
Official Names: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New
York, Inc., International Bible Students Association, Watch Tower Bible and
Tract Society of Pennsylvania
Founder: Charles Taze Russell (1852-1916)
Present Leader: Don Adams (b. 1925)
World and USA Headquarters: "Bethel", 25 Columbia Heights,
Brooklyn, New York 11201-2483
Canadian Headquarters: Box 4100, Halton Hills, Ontario L7G
4T4
Active Participants: ("Publishers"), 2007 Worldwide:
6,957,852 in 235 countries; New members baptized: 298,304, Attendance at the
annual Memorial of Christ's death: 17,672,443; Total volunteer hours spent in
public Bible educational work 1.4 billion; Average weekly home Bible courses
taught: 6,561,426; Congregations (Kingdom Halls): 101,376;
U.S.A.: Active members: 1,084,005; Baptisms: 37,743;
Congregations: 12,588; Canada: Active membership: 111,963;
Baptisms: 2,598; Congrgations: 1,328.
Key Publications: PERIODICALS: The Watchtower (22
million in 126 languages), Awake! (19 million in 81 languages) BOOKS:
Reasoning from the Scriptures (Reasoning)—1985, Insight on the
Scriptures—2 Volumes (Insight)-1988, Mankind's Search for
God—1990, Knowledge That Leads to Everlasting Life
(Knowledge)—1995, Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses—(published
annually) BIBLE TRANSLATIONS: The Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the
Greek Scriptures—1964, The New World Translation of the Holy
Scriptures (NWT)—1984
This Belief Bulletin presents basic Jehovah's Witnesses' history and
doctrines and provides a biblical analysis and response.
History
In 1870, Charles Taze Russell began an independent Bible study, focusing on
the second coming of Christ and biblical chronology. He published his views in
several books and began lecturing in 1878. In 1879, Russell founded the monthly
publication Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence which
were used by study groups he established.
Zion's Watch Tower and Tract Society was incorporated in 1884 with Russell
as president. From 1886 until his death in 1916, Russell wrote a series of
books called Studies in the Scriptures. Their contents formed the basis of
Jehovah's Witnesses' unchristian theology.
Russell was succeeded as president in 1917 by his legal assistant, Joseph
Franklin Rutherford. Rutherford continued Russell's authoritarian leadership
style. He was imprisoned briefly in 1918 for preaching against military
service. He was a charismatic speaker who often railed against Christian
churches and biblical scholars. He died in 1942.
Other Jehovah's Witnesses presidents included Nathan H. Knorr (1942-1977),
Fredrick W. Franz (1977-1992), and Milton G. Henschel (1992-2000). The
organization expanded worldwide under these men's leadership, from about
113,000 in 1942 to more than 6 million in 2000. The current president is Don
Adams.
Jehovah's Witnesses Sources of Authority
The Bible
The Bible is considered the divinely inspired and infallible Word of God. It
"contains 66 books in two sections, often called the Old Testament and the New
Testament. Thirty-nine Bible books were written mainly in Hebrew and 27 in
Greek. . . . A proper study of the Scriptures must include the entire Bible"
(Knowledge, p. 13). "Though the Bible is not a science textbook, it is
scientifically accurate. . . . The Bible contains many prophecies that have
been fulfilled in detail" (Knowledge, p. 17). The New World
Translation of the Holy Scriptures (NWT), is the English Bible Version
published by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society (WBTS). The New World Bible
Translation Committee members remain anonymous. It is regarded as the best
translation because "the translators held so closely to what is in the original
Bible languages" (Reasoning, p. 279).
Biblical Response: The Bible is indeed composed of the 66
books of the Old and New Testaments. It is the inspired, inerrant, and
infallible Word of God (see 2 Tim. 3:16-17; 2 Pet. 1:20-21). The NWT reflects
WBTS theology, especially its bias against the deity of Jesus Christ and the
historic doctrine of the Trinity. For example, John 1:1 reads "and the Word was
a god" in the NWT. Nearly all other standard English Bible translations say,
"and the Word was God."
The Watchtower Bible and Tract Society
The WBTS's Governing Body is called "the faithful and discreet slave," a
term derived from the NWT rendering of Matthew 24:45 (The Watchtower,
Feb. 1, 1993, p. 16). It is therefore regarded as Jehovah God's only channel of
accurate biblical interpretation in the world today. A requirement for
salvation "is that we be associated with God's channel, his organization" [the
WBTS] (The Watchtower, Feb. 15, 1993, p. 12). Thus, there is no salvation apart
from the WBTS.
Biblical Response: All people who have accepted Jesus
Christ as their Savior and Lord are saved by grace through faith and are born
again (see John 3:3-16; Rom. 10:9-10; Eph. 2:8-9). No single person, church, or
religious organization can claim exclusive possession of the source of
salvation or authority to interpret the Bible. All born-again Christians are
capable of understanding and interpreting the Scriptures through the
illumination of the Holy Spirit (see 2 Tim. 3:16; John 14:26; 15:26; 2 Pet.
1:20-21).
Doctrinal Beliefs
Jehovah Is God
The true God is not a nameless God. His name is Jehovah (Deut. 6:4; Ps.
83:18). His principal attributes are love, wisdom, justice, and power. God is a
"spiritbeing," invisible and eternal, but has a spiritual body and is not
omnipresent (Insight, vol. 1, p. 969-970). The historic Christian doctrine of
the Trinity is denied. "The dogma of the Trinity is not found in the Bible, nor
is it in harmony with what the Bible teaches. It grossly misrepresents the true
God" (Reasoning, p. 424).
Biblical Response: The Bible teaches there is only one God.
He was called by several names in the Scripture. Christians acknowledge that
the term "Trinity" is not found in the Bible. Nonetheless, the doctrine is
clearly taught in Scripture. The Bible teaches that the One God exists in the
three persons of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit (see Matt. 28:19; 1 Cor. 8:6;
12:4-6; 2 Cor. 1:21- 22; 13:14; 1 Pet. 1:2).
Jesus Christ-Jehovah's First Created Being
Jesus had three periods of existence. In his pre-human existence he was
called "God's 'only-begotten Son' because Jehovah created him directly. As the
'first-born of all creation', Jesus was used by God to create all other things
(Col. 1:15; Rev. 3:14) . . . After Jehovah brought him into existence, the Word
[Jesus] spent ages with God in heaven before becoming a man on earth"
(Knowledge, p. 39). "John 1:1 says that 'the Word' (Jesus in his prehuman
existence) was with God 'in the beginning'. So the word was with Jehovah when
'the heavens and earth' were created" (Knowledge, p. 39). He also had the
personal name Michael (the archangel) (Insight, vol. 2, p. 394).
"The Second Stage of Jesus' life course was here on earth. He willingly
submitted as God transferred his life from heaven to the womb of a faithful
Jewish virgin named Mary" (Knowledge, p. 40). He became the Messiah at his
baptism, who was executed on a torture stake, and rose again spiritually
"Though the Bible reports on Jesus' death, he is now alive! He is a mighty
reigning King! And very soon now, he will manifest his rulership over our
troubled earth" (Knowledge, p. 41).
Biblical Response: The Bible teaches that Jesus was not
created but was deity from all eternity and coequal with the Father. He came to
earth in bodily form to reveal God's nature and character to mankind. He now
reigns with the Father in heaven and will return some day to close the age and
judge all people. The Jehovah's Witnesses NWT translation of John 1:1, John
8:58, and Revelation 3:14 are biased against Jesus' deity. There is no biblical
basis for identifying Jesus with Michael the archangel (see John 1:1-14;
5:17-18; 8:56-59; 10:30-33; Col. 1:15-20; 2:9). See also A Closer Look at
the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures.
The Holy Spirit - God's Active Force
The personality and deity of the Holy Spirit is denied. Holy Spirit is not
capitalized in the NWT. "With this viewpoint, it is logical to conclude that
the holy spirit is the active force of God. It is not a person but is a
powerful force that God causes to emanate from himself to accomplish his holy
will" (Reasoning, p. 381).
Biblical Response: The personality of the Holy Spirit is
evidenced in numerous New Testament Scriptures (see Luke 12:12; John 15:26;
Acts 5:3-10; 13:2-4; 1 Cor. 12:11; Eph. 4:30; Heb. 3:7). His deity is
demonstrated by His divine attributes as revealed in Scripture. The Holy Spirit
convicts the lost of sin and He indwells believers at conversion and empowers
them to live the Christian life. (See Matt. 12:31-32; 28:19; Mark 3:29; John
14-16; Rom. 8:4,26-27; 1 Cor. 12; Eph. 2:18-19; 5:14-33.)
Mankind's Sin Brought Death
God created man in His own image, but Adam and Eve willfully and
deliberately disobeyed God. "'In the day that our first parents ate from the
tree of the knowledge of good and bad, they were sentenced by God and died from
his standpoint. Then they were expelled from Paradise and began their descent
into physical death" (Knowledge, p. 58). The spirit, or lifeforce, that God
gives us at our birth departs at death. There is no conscious existence at
death. "Where do the dead go? To Sheol, the common grave of mankind. Our dead
loved ones are not conscious of anything. They are not suffering, and they
cannot affect us in any way" (Knowledge, p. 83).
Biblical Response: Adam and Eve's sin indeed brought evil
and death into the world. Thus, we are dead spiritually and separated from God.
However, at death, believers in Christ maintain a conscious relationship with
Him while awaiting the resurrection. (See Matt. 22:32; Luke 16:22- 23; 23:43;
John 11:26; 1 Cor. 5:8; 12:2-4; Phil. 1:23-24; 1 Thess. 4:14-5:10; 2 Pet.
2:9.)
Jesus Paid a Ransom Sacrifice
Due to Adam's sin, it was necessary that an atonement be made to restore
what he had lost. "Only a man with perfect human life could offer up the
equivalent of what Adam lost. After Adam, the only perfect man born on earth
was Jesus Christ" (Knowledge, p. 65). "The Roman governor Pontius Pilate
sentenced him to death on a torture stake. He was nailed to a wooden pole and
hung there upright . . . Thus, it was on Nisan 14, 33 C.E. [A.D.], that Jesus
gave his life as a 'ransom in exchange for many'" (Knowledge, p. 66). "He slept
in death for parts of three days, and then Jehovah God resurrected him to life
as a mighty spirit being" (Knowledge, p. 68).
Biblical Response: Jesus was not just a perfect man, but
also God incarnate (see Col. 2:9). Thus, His death on a Roman cross was the
self-sacrificial atonement of God Himself for mankind's sin (see 1 Cor.
1:17-24; 2:2; 15:3- 4). He rose again from the dead physically, not just
spiritually (see Luke 24:14-39; John 2:19-21; 20:26-29; 1 Cor. 15:1-8).
Salvation - Faith and Obedience
"Therefore, let us show our gratitude for the love displayed by God and
Christ by exercising faith in Jesus' ransom sacrifice" (Knowledge, p. 69).
Requirements for salvation, in addition to faith, include baptism by immersion,
active association with the WBTS, righteous conduct, and absolute loyalty to
Jehovah. There is no assurance of salvation, only hope for a resurrection.
Those who fail to live up to the above requirements or who are disfellowshipped
by the WBTS have no hope of salvation.
Biblical Response: Salvation is "by grace through faith" in
Jesus Christ alone. No amount of works or membership in any organization
guarantees salvation. It is totally through faith in Christ (see Rom. 4:4-5;
Eph. 2:8-9; Titus 3:5). Good works are the natural response to salvation
already received, not its cause (see Eph. 2:10). Salvation is eternally assured
for those who have accepted Christ as Lord and Savior (see John 1:12; 5:24; 1
John 5:13).
Two Classes of Saved People
Only 144,000 faithful elect Jehovah's Witnesses, known as the "Anointed
Class" will go to heaven at death to rule with Jesus. Only those born since 33
C.E. (A.D.) can be part of that number (based on Rev. 14:1-3). Most Jehovah's
Witnesses hope to be among the "other sheep" or "great crowd" who will not go
to heaven, but, after Armageddon and the millennium, will live forever in
Paradise on earth (based on John 10:16; Rev. 7:9).
Biblical Response: The WBTS' doctrine of a duality of saved
people is not supported by a careful study of the Scriptures. The Bible makes
no distinction of two classes of saved people (see Matt. 5:12; Phil. 3:20). In
Revelation 7 and 14, both the 144,000 and the "great crowd" or "multitude" are
"before the throne" in heaven. All born-again Christians will live forever in
heaven (see John 3:16; 14:3).
Armageddon Is Coming Soon!
"This name [Armageddon or Har-Magedon] is directly associated with 'the war
of the great day of God the Almighty.' The term applies specifically to the
condition, or situation, to which 'the kings of the entire inhabited earth' are
gathered in opposition to Jehovah and his Kingdom by Jesus Christ" (Insight,
vol. 1, p. 1037.)
Armageddon will mark the destruction by God of this present evil system,
including apostate "Christendom," and the binding of Satan. Afterward,
Jehovah's surviving people will rebuild the world in a perfect environment
under his rule for 1,000 years in the millennium. After the millennium, Satan
will be released for a short time to test those resurrected, or born during the
millennium. (See Knowledge, pp. 182-190.)
Biblical Response: The Bible teaches that Jesus will return
physically to judge mankind and usher in the kingdom of God. Christians may
respectfully disagree over the details of biblical interpretation about the
events of the last days and the millennium. Setting dates, however, is strictly
forbidden and Jesus warned of false signs of His return. Nonetheless, believers
are to be ready at any time for His coming (see Matt. 16:24-27; 24:14-51; Mark
13; Luke 21:5-16; John 5:28-29; 14:2-3; Acts 1:11; 1 Thess. 5:1- 11).
Final Judgment and Paradise on Earth
After the millennium, Satan and his allies will be destroyed. Faithful
Jehovah's Witnesses will inherit everlasting life on perfect Paradise earth.
Those who have disobeyed Jehovah and his law will be annihilated out of
existence with Satan and his demons. This is the "second death." Hell is the
grave and not a place of eternal punishment. The doctrine of eternal hell is
regarded as unscriptural, unreasonable, contrary to God's love, and unjust.
Biblica Response: All people will face the final judgment
of God. The doctrine of eternal hell is based on a number of biblical texts and
the teachings of Jesus Himself. He taught that righteous saved people will have
eternal life in heaven but the wicked lost will suffer eternal punishment in
hell (see Matt. 18:8-9; 25:41-46; Mark 9:43-48; 2 Thess. 1:9).
Witnessing to Jehovah's Witnesses
1. Have a clear understanding of your faith and the Bible.
2. Aquire a basic knowledge of Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs and practices.
3. Make a definite plan for the witnessing encounter and take the
initiative.
4. Initially, talk about personal concerns to establish a friendly, courteous,
and sincere relationship with the Jehovah's Witness. Gradually move on to a
discussion of theological issues.
5. Be prepared to cite and explain specific biblical passages supporting
Christian doctrines.
6. Define your terms clearly and ask the Jehovah's Witness to do so also.
7. Focus the discussion on the primary issue of the person and work of Christ.
Stress the need for a personal relationship with Him.
8. Share your personal testimony of God's grace and your faith in Jesus as
Savior and Lord.
9. Present the basic plan of salvation and encourage the Jehovah's Witness to
make a decision.
10. Pray and trust the Holy Spirit to lead you.